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384 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths FIG. 19 Comparing the performance of Eu3+/Tb3+ thermometers processed NP3-1.10 (circles), NP4-1.3 (triangles), and NP3-1.3 (squares) NPs (Brites et al., 2010, 2013b) and as a diureasil thin film (solid diamonds) (Brites et al., 2010). (A) Thermometric parameter, the lines are the best fit to the data using Eq. (38) with a single deactivation channel (r2 > 0.991). (B) Relative sensitivity computed using Eq. (40). (C) Temperature uncertainty computed using Eq. (41) with dD/D 1⁄4 0.5%. resolution of the system. However, others have to do with the material itself: physical state, mechanical properties, facility to be implemented, processabil- ity, versatility, and simplicity of the production method. This section consid- ers both aspects in the diverse types of Ln3+-based thermometric materials. The shielding of 4f orbitals confers the excellent luminescence properties of Ln3+ ions but it is also the cause of a weak direct light absorption (B€unzli, 2006, 2015; B€unzli and Piguet, 2005; Malta and Carlos, 2003). To overcome this problem in optical thermometry, as well as for luminescence uses in general, the Ln3+ ions are coordinated by (i) organic chromophore ligands (eg, in b-diketonate complexes) or (ii) embedded into a host crystal (eg, MOFs and UCNPs) (Fig. 20). The mechanism of excitation, however, is different. The metal ions complexed by the light harvesting ligands are excited through absorption by the ligand and subsequent energy transfer (usu- ally from an excited triplet state) to the ion (Malta, 1997, 2008; Malta and Silva, 1998), whereas inorganic crystals use directly the absorption band of the emitter Ln3+ ion (activator) or ion–ion energy transfer from another codo- pant ion (sensitizer) (Soukka and H€arm€a, 2011).PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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