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Lanthanides in Luminescent Thermometry Chapter 281 377 FIG. 15 Temperature uncertainty of single-center emission thermometers. Singh et al. (2009b), Vetrone et al. (2010b), and Debasu et al. (2013) used the 2H11/2 ! 4I15/2/5S3/2 ! 4I15/2 transitions ratio in Er3+/Yb3+-doped materials. In the example reported by Sing et al. the host is Gd2O3, dD/D 1⁄4 2.0%, and Sr < 0.8% K1 (Singh et al., 2009b). Vetrone et al. reported a cellular thermom- eter based on the NaYF4 host with Sr < 1.14% K 1 and dD/D 1⁄4 0.6% (Vetrone et al., 2010b), whereas Debasu et al. used the Gd2O3 host with Sr < 1% K1 and dD/D 1⁄4 0.5% (Debasu et al., 2013). Zheng et al. showed upconversion thermometry through the Gd3+ 6P5/2!8S7/2, 6P7/2 ! 8S7/2 UV transitions in NaLuF4:Yb3+/Tm3+/Gd3+ UCNPs with Sr < 0.74% K1 and dD/D1⁄42.2% (Zheng et al., 2013). resulting in a set of lines with increasing slope for increasing values of dD/D. The results show that the temperature uncertainty of these UCNPs can be as low as dT 1⁄4 0.4 K. Increasing the detection limit (up to 0.03%) and the inte- gration time (>0.5 s), we can anticipate that single-center-based thermometers can have temperature uncertainties down to 0.1 K in the 300–340 K range. 4.2 Dual-Center Emission Ratiometric Ln3+-based thermometers in which the thermometric parameter involves the intensity ratio of two transitions belonging to two distinct emit- ting centers can be classified accordingly into five distinct classes: (A) The Ln3+ ion is the probe and an organic dye is the reference. Examples include PMMA-btd/SiO2 hybrid NPs embedding Eu-dt and OASN emitters (Peng et al., 2010b), RhB (or S-0378)/fluorescein (or NIR-797) decorated NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ UCNPs (Gorris et al., 2011), ([Eu2(qptca)(NO3)2(DMF)4] (CH3CH2OH)3) MOF incorporating perylene into the porous (Cui et al., 2015a), and Eu-dsb and Tb-dsb MOFs (D’Vries et al., 2013). (B) The Ln3+ ion is the reference and a QD is the probe, eg, NaGdF4:Nd3+ NPs and PbS/CdS/ZnS QDs embedded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Cero ́n et al., 2015). (C) Two Ln3+ ions indistinguishably employed as the probe and the refer- ence and not interacting (no ion–ion energy transfer). An example is the Y2O3:Tb3+/Tm3+ phosphor (Ishiwada et al., 2011).PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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