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372 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths AB 1.0 0.256 T = 300 K 0.254 0.252 0.250 0.248 D0 C 330 320 310 300 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2H11/2→4l15/2 5S →4l 3/2 15/2 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 Energy (103 cm–1) 0.246 Laser power density (W m−2) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 D 0.350 (A) Determination of DE in an aqueous suspension of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ NPs. The bar- ycenter of each transition was determined using the procedure described in Section 4.1.1. (B) Determination of constant B in the same NPs via the plot of D vs laser power density. The solid line is the best fit to the experimental points (r2 > 0.998). The value of D at no-laser excita- tion (T1⁄4300K), D01⁄40.24650.0001, was determined from the intercept of the fitting curve. The constant B1⁄46.420.02, computed from Eq. (26) with T1⁄4300 K and D1⁄4D0, is in agreement with previous reports, ie, 4.48 B 12.18 (Debasu et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2010; Tikhomirov et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2007). (C) Computed temperature using Eq. (26), with DE1⁄4680 cm1 and B1⁄46.42 (solid line), and comparison with the corresponding thermocouple readout (open points). The thermocouple error (not represented) is 0.1 K, whereas the horizontal error bars correspond to the error in the determination of D. determined for an aqueous suspension (0.30 g L1) of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ NPs, kindly providing by Prof. Dr. X. Liu from the National University of Singa- pore following a synthesis process described in Xie et al. (2013). When these parameters are determined independently of Eq. (25), the temperature can be estimated directly by Eq. (26), without needing any calibration, and the ther- mometer can be classified as a primary thermometer. Fig. 12C compares for the aqueous suspension of the NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ NPs the temperature FIG. 12 Temperature (K) Normalized intensity DE=680±11 cm–1 DPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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