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350 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths the Tb3+-to-Eu3+ energy transfer (Miyata et al., 2013) that occurs essentially through the dipole-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole mechanisms (Rodrigues et al., 2014). The use of Tb3+-to-Eu3+ energy transfer as a tool to temperature sensing was firstly proposed by Sato et al. in 1989 (Sato et al., 1989) and revisited by Liu et al. in 2005 (Liu et al., 2005). In the last couple of years, the research on nanothermometry progressed toward the design of single nanoplatforms joining heaters and thermometers. Magnetic-, plasmonic-, and phonon-induced thermal heating of NPs are pow- erful noninvasive techniques with exciting potential for bio- and nanotechnol- ogy applications, such as drug release (Mura et al., 2013), remote control of single-cell functions (Stanley et al., 2012), plasmonic devices (Schuller et al., 2010), and hyperthermia therapy of cancer (Reddy et al., 2012) and other diseases (Stanley et al., 2012). To be effective, however, local heating requires measuring the nanoheater’s local temperature. Since the first report by Tikhomirov et al. showing the phonon-induced heating of Yb3+/Er3+-based NPs through nonradiative emissions and the determination of its temperature rise using the 2H11/2!4I15/2/4S3/2!4I15/2 intensity ratio (Tikhomirov et al., 2009), several intriguing reports on magnetic- (Dong and Zink, 2014; Pin ̃ol et al., 2015), plasmonic- (Debasu et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2015b), and phonon-induced (Carrasco et al., 2015; Wawrzynczyk et al., 2012) thermal heating of Ln3+-based nanoplatforms have been published. Apart from a few pioneering works published at the very end of the past century, the subject of investigating and developing temperature sensors work- ing at the submicron scale has exploded in the last 10 years, particularly biased since 2010 by luminescent nanothermometry and its applications. Accordingly, the progress on high-resolution micro and nanothermometers, including lumi- nescent and nonluminescent examples (Brites et al., 2012; Jaque and Vetrone, 2012; Wang et al., 2013b), intracellular measurements (Jaque et al., 2014a) and image-guided thermal treatments (Zhou et al., 2016), ceramic phosphors that can withstand extreme temperatures (Rabhiou et al., 2011), multiple optical chemical sensors (Stich et al., 2010), MOFs (Cui et al., 2015b), and temperature-stimuli polymers (de la Rosa et al., 2016; Pietsch et al., 2011), has been recently reviewed. Moreover, a comprehensive book (half way bet- ween a monograph and a reference book) has recently been published on this very multidisciplinary subject covering the fundamentals, luminescence-, and nonluminescence-based thermometry, applications, and future trends (Carlos and Palacio, 2016). Therefore, instead of just describing the progress achieved in the last couple of years, the present review focuses primarily on how to ratio- nalize the thermal response of Ln3+-based thermometers and how to precisely define the parameters governing their performance. After a brief overview of the two main approaches to determine temperature through luminescent ther- mometers (Section 2), we discuss in Sections 3 and 4 how the performance of ratiometric single- and dual-center luminescent thermometers should bePDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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