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Fluorescence thermography (Brites et al., 2012) Temperature dependence of quantum efficiency/ lifetime/intensity 101 102 10 l Diverse experimental techniques to measure temperature l Photobleaching limits the long-term intensity and lifetime determination Near-field scanning optical microscopy (Goodson and Asheghi, 1997) Temperature dependence of the near-field radiation 102 101 10 l Spatial resolution below the Rayleigh limit (100 nm) l Depends on the surface characteristics l Only access to surface temperature l Slow temperature acquisition l Vacuum and/or cryogenic temperatures required Liquid crystal thermography (Lees, 1982; Windhorn and Cain, 1979; Yoder, 1979) Crystal phase transitions (change color) 10 101 102 l Diverse materials available commercially for different temperature ranges l Yields a semiquantitative temperature map, unless a detailed calibration is performed Scanning thermal microscopy (Kim et al., 2012) AFM with thermocouple or Pt thermistor tip 101 101 102 l Uses AFM tips to simultaneously measure temperature and determine the surface roughness l Not compatible with liquid systems l Slow acquisition times Transmission electron microscopy (Gao et al., 2003) Thermal expansion 102 101 101 l High spatial resolution l Compatible with l Vacuum required l Difficult to transpose for practical applications l Temperature determination by image analysis l High temperature sensitivity l Ratiometric algorithms are l High-expensive excitation sources and detectors to measure temperature using lifetime-based algorithms independent of illumination source l Fully integrated with electronic devices l A layer of the probe must be placed over the sample l Submicrometric spatial resolution different CNTs l Limited to solid samples l Requires fundamental knowledge of tip-sample heat transfer ContinuedPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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