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258 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths FIG. 57 Back scattered electron images of apatite grains from unsolidified sediments in deep seafloor of Minami-Torishima area. These textures are very different from igneous apatite grains (Figs. 51 and 56) and are probably biological origin like fish bone. After Kon, Y., Hoshino, M., Sanematsu, K., Morita, S., Tsunematsu, M., Okamoto, N., Yano, N., Tanaka, M., Takagi, T., 2014. Geochemical characteristics of apatite in heavy REE-rich deep-sea mud from Minami- Torishima Area, Southeastern Japan. Resour. Geol. 64, 47–57. concentrations exceeding 6500 ppm (0.65%) at around 3 m beneath the sea floor was also found in the Minami-Torishima area at depths of 5600– 5800 m (JAMSTEC, 2013). Kon et al. (2014) suggested that REE contents of the deep-sea mud in Minami-Torishima are constrained by the proportion of apatite based on their geochemical and mineralogical investigations. The apatite grains from the deep-sea mud in Minami-Torishima contain up to 21,000 ppm REEs (10,500 ppm HREEs) and have HREE-rich distribution. There is a positive correlation between P2O5 and CaO in HREE-rich deep- sea mud. There is a strong positive correlation between relative proportion of apatite and REE content in the HREE-rich deep-sea mud. Kon et al. (2014) reported BSE image of apatite grains from HREE-rich deep-sea mud which are weak for electron beam and porous texture (probably biological origin like fish bone) (Fig. 57). According to Yasukawa et al. (2014), all REEs can be readily leached from the mud by dilute acids, which it is probably due to low crystallinity and porous texture of apatite in HREE- rich deep-sea mud. According to Nakamura et al. (2015), formation of REE- rich muds is strongly related to hydrothermal activity at MORB. However, deposition mechanism of HREE-rich apatite is controversial topic and needs further studies. 4.3.2.4 Summarized Characteristics of HREE-Rich Apatite Both the Benjamin River and the Blockspruit IOA prospects contain apatite as major REE minerals. REEs leached from apatite form new monazite, xeno- time, and allanite. Sodium in apatite grains from both prospects is below detection limit by EMPA, which suggests that REEs in their apatite grains are incorporated only by britholite substitution. The presence of monazite, xenotime, and allanite as a major REE mineral in the Benjamin River and Blockspruit IOA prospects is advantageous for the exploitation because mon- azite, xenotime, and allanite are higher in REE content than apatite, upgrading the ore. Main minerals in the Benjamin River and the Blockspruit IOAPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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