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polymers Article Effect of Thermal Stabilization on PAN-Derived Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers for CO2 Capture Elisa Maruccia 1,2,3, Stefania Ferrari 4,* , Mattia Bartoli 2,5 , Lorenzo Lucherini 5, Giuseppina Meligrana 1,3, Candido F. Pirri 2,5, Guido Saracco 5 and Claudio Gerbaldi 1,3,* Citation: Maruccia,E.;Ferrari,S.; Bartoli, M.; Lucherini, L.; Meligrana, G.; Pirri, C.F.; Saracco, G.; Gerbaldi, C. Effect of Thermal Stabilization on PAN-Derived Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers for CO2 Capture. Polymers 2021,13,4197. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/polym13234197 Academic Editor: Alexey Iordanskii Received: 22 October 2021 Accepted: 26 November 2021 Published: 30 November 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 3 4 5 * Correspondence: stefania.ferrari@unich.it (S.F.); claudio.gerbaldi@polito.it (C.G.) Abstract: Carbon capture is amongst the key emerging technologies for the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) pollution. Several materials as adsorbents for CO2 and other gases are being devel- oped, which often involve using complex and expensive fabrication techniques. In this work, we suggest a sound, easy and cheap route for the production of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for CO2 capture by pyrolysis of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) fibers. PAN fibers are generally processed following specific heat treatments involving up to three steps (to get complete graphi- tization), one of these being stabilization, during which PAN fibers are oxidized and stretched in the 200–300 ◦C temperature range. The effect of stabilization temperature on the chemical structure of the carbon nanofibers is investigated herein to ascertain the possible implication of incomplete conversion/condensation of nitrile groups to form pyridine moieties on the CO2 adsorption capacity. The materials were tested in the pure CO2 atmosphere at 20 ◦C achieving 18.3% of maximum weight increase (equivalent to an uptake of 4.16 mmol g−1), proving the effectiveness of a high stabilization temperature as route for the improvement of CO2 uptake. Keywords: poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN); electrospinning; carbon fiber; CO2 adsorption; renewable feedstock 1. Introduction The majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are constituted by carbon dioxide (CO2) [1], that accounts for 65% of all gases emitted and has reached values higher than 400 ppm in the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution when it was just 278 ppm [2]. The observed increase of the global average temperatures since the mid-20th-century is very likely due to the continuous rise of the GHG emissions globally produced [2,3]. Moving away from the burning of fossil fuels for energy pro- duction toward renewable resources is undoubtedly the main path to follow in the long term to slow down and hopefully stop/invert climate change [4,5]. To mitigate the current emission level, other solutions are being considered, alongside clean energy production in the short term, such as CO2 sequestration [2,6]. In recent years, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies have undergone massive development and at present are the subject of many investigations worldwide directed at finding innovative and more effective approaches that demand low energy, along with easy and low-cost manufacturing [7]. GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; elisa.maruccia@polito.it (E.M.); giuseppina.meligrana@polito.it (G.M.) Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; mattia.bartoli@iit.it (M.B.); fabrizio.pirri@iit.it (C.F.P.) National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL)-INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy Department of Pharmacy, Università di Chieti Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; lorenzo.lucherini@epfl.ch (L.L.); guido.saracco@polito.it (G.S.) Polymers 2021, 13, 4197. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234197 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPDF Image | Effect of Thermal Stabilization on PAN-Derived Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers
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