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Page | 030 1.4 Hybrid Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Systems
The development of heat engines with the following general features are desired for a hybrid system:
• ability to perform well on lower quality thermal input (e.g., lower turbine inlet temperature (TIT) for the case of a gas
turbine)
• ability to withstand long-duration thermal cycling (due to thermal mass of the fuel cell)
• ability to perform well with lower pressure ratios,
• larger window of operation to allow for system turndown and avoid shut-down of integrated system (e.g., movement of surge
line away from typical operating conditions of a compressor – increase surge margin)
• controllability with slow time-response output of fuel cell (due to thermal mass of fuel cell)
• robust heat engines (to match maintenance cycle of fuel cell)
Research is required to enable gas turbine engines to meet the demands and features of various hybrid cycle designs. Some of the
particular needs that new gas turbine technology may need to provide to reach the expected hybrid system performance targets include
the following:
1) Recuperative cycle configurations
2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 8) Advanced cycle configurations (intercooling, humid air turbine)
Combustor (capable of accepting hot vitiated air and hot depleted fuel)
Reduced emissions combustor (reduced NOx, CO and hydrocarbons)
Catalytic combustor (capable of accepting reduced excess air, possibly approaching stoichiometric conditions)
Reduced turbine cooling penalty (advanced turbine materials including ceramics and cooling technologies)
7) Increased pressure ratio
Increased compressor and turbine aerodynamic efficiencies
9) Fuel flexibility
a) Tolerance to fuel contaminants (chlorine compounds and alkaline earth compounds)
Simplify/Optimize System Configuration
Several aspects of fuel cell hybrid systems could be simplified and/or optimized to advance hybrid technology, lower its cost and
make it more reliable. Challenges in this general area include a fundamental understanding of fuel cell and fuel cell hybrid steady state
and dynamic performance, increasing system and component RAMD, and increasing the power density of the fuel cell for better system
integration.
Increase Fuel Cell Power Density or Thermal Output
• Increase power density
• Higher operating temperature fuel cells
• Increase TIT
• More stack electrical and thermal output
• Develop FCs that operated at higher & lower temperatures to facilitate FC staging
Hybrid Steady State and Dynamic Performance Optimization
• Mathematical Models for S.S./dynamic response
• System Configuration Studies
• Thermoeconomics
• Subsystem consolidation
RAMD
• System failure modes & criticality affects (FMCA)
• RAMD Tests on systems and/or subsystems
• Component Tests--accelerated or otherwise
• Power electronics RAMD study
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